B.A.R.C. - Greening the Metropolis

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Beyond Architectural Regulations in China

超越中国的建筑规范

A Case Study of Evolutionary Green Planning 案例研究：绿色规划的演变
Shenzhen Biennale 2009 / Shanghai World Expo 2010 2010上海世博会荷兰厅
Dynamic City Foundation and Partners 动态城市基金会与伙伴

~ Without integrated planning a collection of well designed sustainable buildings can still amount to a poorly operating, ultimately unsustainable city. ~ Neville Mars, Dynamic City Foundation

~ Lately, there is more enthusiasm in China for better green building codes than for designing new cities ~ Wen Bo, Pacific Environment Group

~ 如果没有整体规划，再环保的建筑单体之合, 仍会造就效率低下且不可持续的城市。
~何新城, 动态城市基金会
~ 近来，中国更热衷于制定绿色建筑的标准而不是设计新城。~温波, 太平洋环境集团

SUMMARY

BARC is an ambitious collaborative design-research initiated by the Dynamic City Foundation (DCF) that delivers a sustainable vision for China in the form of a tangible case study. The project brings together ten teams from Holland and China in a two-tiered compressed innovation cycle to conceive fundamental concepts for the green city.

THE FIRST PHASE is a general mapping of the possibilities for the green city of tomorrow. A two-day expert workshop is organized on the project site of Caofeidian Tangshan, where teams will meet with the mayor and key local officials. Each office will be able to present their work and vision on sustainability, followed by a design charrette. The outcome is a book of missions statements from each office, supported by basic conceptual sketches, describing the ideal scenario for the green city. This book of statements and sketches will be published and presented at a forum of the Shenzhen Biennale for architecture 2009.

THE SECOND PHASE aims to explore the process of evolutionary greening of the city of Caofeidian from 2010 to 2050. To do achieve this the teams will be asked to expand Caofeidian with 100000 people in a five year period. The teams will work consecutively designing on top of the proposal of the previous team. During a period of ten weeks the 3D file of the cumulative proposal will travel from office to office. The process is documented in order to trace the emergence of a green metropolis over time and understand the qualities of a city as an organic entity. The video footage and the proposals will be visualized in a set of ten videos and a large urban model and presented at a Dutch Culture House of the Shanghai World Expo 2010.

简介

超越建筑规范
“超越中国的建筑规范”是由动态城市基金会发起的一个颇具抱负的设计／研究协作项目，该项目以有形的案例研究力图拓展可持续发展的中国视野。该方法以其整体性和长期性，模拟规划方案的演变，设计师和政策制定者均可由此借鉴新型可持续发展规划之要领。第一阶段主要是探索与激发灵感。为上海2010世博会荷兰展馆所作，项目汇总了来自荷兰和中国的八支团队，在四个月内集中设计。目的在于把绿色都市重构为一个随时间推移而不断发展的有机体。最终的作品将以引人入胜的视觉方式向世博会观众呈现，并将在专业论坛上接受著名规划师和生态学家的评判。第二阶段是实现。工作团队将在具体地点与地方政府部门密切协作，使“超越中国建筑规范”成为一个演进规划的先导性示范项目。将荷兰设计的理念与荷兰工程公司的见地与技术相结合，力图在可持续规划领域创造出独道的产品。

HYBRID TEAMS

Dynamic City Foundation: Neville Mars, Alain FourauxDynamic City Foundation: Neville Mars, Alain Fouraux
Tsinghua School of Architecture: Dean Zhu Wenyi, Song Yehao, Terrence Curry, with Alex Camprubi.
Tsinghua Institute for: Arc & Technology Studies, Prof. Yehao Song

CHINESE FIRMS

Urbanus: Hui Wang, Wu Wenyi
MAD: Ma Yansong, Dang Qun
Urban China: Jiang Jun, Han Yan
BAU: James Brearley, Fang Qun

DUTCH FIRMS

MVRDV: Winy Maas, Paul Kroese, Pirjo Haikola
Z.U.S.: Elma van Boxel, Kristian Koreman
Rocksteady Design: Barend Koolhaas, Femke Bijlsma, Reinier Suurenbroek
Powerhouse Company: Nanne de Ru, Charles Bessard


Moderator / respondent:

Adrian Hornsby - Writer, Co-author, The Chinese Dream, London
Jeffrey Johnson - Director of China Lab, Columbia University, New York

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PRESENTATION


A journey inside the minds of green planners

Mapping the design process is crucial to the project. Presentation follows from production with minimal adaptation. Considering the fast turnover of knowledge, emphasis is on dialogue and hands-on production. Preliminary discussions and design preparation can be followed publicly on the DCF web platform.
The first stage - of brainstorming, sketching and design production - will take place in a blue screen room in Shenzhen. The entire process is carefully documented on video. This allows us to virtually place the architects inside a rendering of their own urban proposal, so that they may present the concepts behind their designs in the imagined city. The final video is a fast-forward animation of a city growing to twice its size from from 2010 to 2060; the emergence of a Green Metropolis.

PHASE 1 COMPLETED: Download the SKETCHBOOK PDF.

EXHIBITION
DCF will build a temporary space of ten boxes to project the different video presentations. The audience gradually walks from room to room traveling five years ahead each time. The rooms, when grouped together, form a playful sculptural installation that can adapt to different spatial conditions.

FORUM
Initial discussions have been held with World Expo Sponsor TNT to host the BARC FORUM. It would be a one day component of the TNT / United Nations conference on urban challenges, held in the Dutch Pavilion.

Central theme: Green Living in China

Should we accept urban life as it has evolved in the global centers?
Are congestion, pollution and monotony the ultimate parameters of the modern metropolis?
Will technological creep keep us complacent?
Or, are some bold designers capable of conceiving an alternative future?

难道就该欣然接受进化至今的国际大都市的生活？
难道交通拥堵、污染和千篇一律就是摩登都市的终极标志？
难道日新月异的科技进步会让我们一直满意下去？
或者，一小撮不知天高地厚的设计师能构想出不一样的未来？

Other questions include: Can we tackle the apparent contradiction of nature and technology? Could technical and natural sustainable systems be integrated? How can unify design efforts at different scales? Should we aim for a specific urban size? Can the city grow without impeding on its future environment? How do we define the edge of the city? Who should we be building for? Fast and large, or small and slow? Is green design dense or dispersed? In the suburbs, countryside or in and around the center? Are green belt and parks key lungs or disruptive spacial disruptions? Can we build green cities within the confinements of the current regulations? How can we get around in the near future - in the city and between centers? Can modern media technologies address the growing mobility needs? Should we assume a future of electric cars or can we image a purely pedestrian city? Could a green cities produce green consumers? Is there an architecture that can emulate nature? Can energy and food production occur at an individual scale? Which planning typologies embrace green building typologies? How can building typologies be determined as sustainable? Should industrial production be moved out, or at the heart of the urban environment? How do we start to implement long-term green planning concepts?

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展示

走进绿色规划师的大脑

记录设计过程对于项目是非常关键。展示也将尽力地切合规划原作。考虑到知识更替的速度，对话交流与实际制作过程才是重点。初步的讨论和设计准备可在动态城市基金会的网络平台上被追踪。第一阶段——集思广益，草图素描及设计产生——将在动态城市基金会北京工作室的蓝屏房间进行。整个过程将通过DV详细记录，设计师被置于他们自己方案的渲染中，并讲述所设计城市背后的概念。最终的视频将以动画快进的形式,展现一个城市，如何从 2010年到2050年规模扩大了两倍；即一个绿色都市兴起的由来。

展览
动态城市基金会将搭建一个由八个盒子组成的视频演示空间。观众逐个走过的房间各代表每5年后的情况。房间的组合形成了一个玩味十足的雕塑装置，它也可以适应不同的空间条件。

论坛
已与世博会赞助商TNT电视台初步讨论了举行BARC论坛的事宜。这将是TNT/联合国关于城市的挑战的研讨会的组成部分，它将在荷兰展馆举行。

Beyond the Biosphere

Or, why plans need to be big

The Green Metropolis is finally on the world agenda. The first zero-carbon cities have been proposed for the Middle East and for China. All large projects, they aim to move beyond the scale of merely green buildings to create closed environmental systems. Ambitious and technology-driven, they are the pinnacle of top-down new city planning. However, urbanization in the world - and particularly in the developing world - is hardly the product of building new cities, but rather of suburban sprawl and grassroots-level urbanization. While these new green cities are efficient, they remain insular, inflexible, socially distorted, mostly car-dependent and can really only be perceived as green within the confinements of their own logic. As such, these projects both underscore the absence of planning models able to respond to generic market-driven urbanization, and lay bare the inherent complexities of sustainable planning:

~ Only the Green Metropolis is sufficiently large to achieve closed integral systems.

~ To aim for such a scale the Green Metropolis must be able to evolve and develop from existing urban centers.

~ For the Green Metropolis to be effective beyond the level of added green hardware, it must be intricately linked to the site, the society and the cultural context to which it belongs.

超越温室玻璃球

或者说，规划一定要大

绿色都市终于挤进了世界议程。在中东和中国，首批零碳城市的方案已经完成；所有大项目也不再局限于绿色建筑单体，而旨在创造闭合的环境体系。在野心和技术的推动下，这些零碳城市都是自上而下式新城规划的极品。但世界上的城市化进程——尤其是发展中国家——极少是建新城的产物，而是郊区蔓生或草根城市化的结果。尽管绿色新城的效率尚可，但它们与外界隔绝、不灵活、社会性被扭曲而且高度依赖于私家车，有些只能按特殊定义才勉强算得上环保。这些项目暴露的是——我们仍然缺少能应对“市场趋动型城市化”的划，同时证明了可持续规划固有的复杂性：

  • 只有绿色都市才够大,才能形成闭合的综合体系。
  • 要成就规模，绿色都市必须在现存的城市中心基础上发展、演变。
  • 若要绿色都市的效率超过绿色插件之和, 则要与周围、社会及文化环境发生相当细密的关联。

China’s Code Conundrum

Or, why plans needs to flexible

For the future of sustainability the world looks at China with anxiety and in anticipation. Facing another three decades of foreseeable feverish urbanization China could benefit most from a long-term planning vision. Although China is more than willing to copy the latest green models from the West, it is in reality limited to an approach of green window-dressing. First of all, no viable models for sustainable planning exist in the world, none especially that apply to China’s urbanization at hyper-speed. Secondly, China’s planning codes and planning culture, both aimed at streamlining its frantic construction, have in effect prevented the emergence of any homegrown, overarching approach. Disconnected from local realities the most progressive foreign projects have recently ended up in the conceptual scrapyard. At the same time faster, more pragmatic technological upgrades keep intrinsically inefficient urban systems and lifestyles in place. This is an apparent schism that roughly offsets both foreign and Chinese methodologies. This schism can only be addressed if:

~ a sustainable planning vision can be produced that is simultaneously market-oriented and long-term.

~ projects are designed to evolve after completion and able to mature within the constraints of China’s high-pressured building practice and planning culture.

~ there is a willingness to move Beyond Architectural Regulations in China ...

中国规范之噪 或者说

为什么规划需要灵活性

关于全球的可持续性，全世界都既焦虑又期待地看向中国。既然中国城市化的热潮还将持续三十年，一个着眼于未来的规划必然会让中国大大受益。中国很愿意照搬来自西方的绿色模式，但实际上只是在做绿色的表面文章。首先，世界上没有可持续规划的现成模式，也没有能适应中国高速城市化进程的模式。其次，中国的规划编制和规划文化是以理顺疯狂的建设秩序为目的，这从根本上抑制了顾全大局的方法的产生。近来，一些最先进的国外规划都因为与中国情况脱节，最终沦为了概念废品。同时，更为务实的技术升级让原本低效的城市系统和本地的生活方式得以持续。此番分离基本上让中式西式的努力互相抵消，只有以下情形有可能解决问题：

  • 形成可持续规划的远见：兼顾市场驱动性且着眼于未来。
  • 能在规划完成后进一步演变，能适应中国建设速度的巨大压力和中国的规划文化。
  • 有超越中国建筑规范的意愿

PLANNING FAST FORWARD

Or, simulated evolutionary expansion

BARC will build on the insights into flash urbanization the DCF has gained over the years in China. In essence, DCF understands the city as an organic entity driven by the interactions between top-down and bottom-up forces. An effective response to organic growth is only possible when efforts are orchestrated both over time and throughout all scales, from national regulations, to regional networks, to the block level and ultimately to the end user. The project should therefore map the effects of layer upon layer of different planning decisions. This presents a practical conflict: within a four-month time frame, the projects must analyze the accumulative result of decades of consecutive planning decisions. To do this, a research-specific method has been developed that can simulate forty years of planning within China’s five-year policy cycles.

Ten design teams - five Dutch and five Chinese offices - will consecutively design for the same city. Each team will develop a proposal for a five-year period, while building on the proposal of the previous team. Based on the format of a charrette, each team will have two days of site evaluation and one week to deliver a scenario. The teams follow a strategic outline produced by DCF in conjunction with the Caofeidian municipality. Each team will first provide an abstract mission statement of their vision for a green city. This will be presented as a booklet and presented at the Shenzhen Biennalee 2009. Secondly each team will be asked to produce an extension for Caofeidian of 100 000 people for a five year period, working on top of the previous five year proposal by the previous team. The result offers both a detailed long-term perspective for a Chinese city from 2010 to 2060 and a unique accelerated simulation of the planning process itself.

规划快进

或者说，模拟演变的扩张

规划快进 或者说，模拟演变的扩张为了达到高度的设计整合，项目必须跟得上中国发展的加速度。“超越中国建筑规范”项目以动态城市基金会对中国闪电城市化数年研究的结果为基础。动态城市基金会认为城市是一个有机整体，在自上而下和自下而上的力量的碰撞的推动下不断发展演变。要对有机生长有效地回应，必须长期在各个层面有序地努力——从国家规定、地方网络、到街区并最终到终端用户才有可能实现。因此项目应该追踪规划不同层面的决策。这有一个矛盾，那就是在短短四个月的时间里，项目需要分析数十年、持续规划决策的叠加效应。为了实现目标，我们根据中国的五年经济规划周期设计了一个具体的研究方法来模拟未来四十年的状况。我们邀请了八个设计团队，四个来自荷兰，四个来自国，他们将为同一个城市做接力设计。每个团队负责在上一团队的规划之上开发下一个五年规划。具体的设计在workshop中完成。每个团队有一周的准备时间，另有两天用于现场估，并于一周后完成。他们将在限期内的最后一天把自己的设想方案交给下一个五年计划的负责团队。项目完成后，将展现从2010年至2050年四十年间长期而具体的规划，以及规划本身加速发展的模拟。

Dynamic Growth in China

Or, Dealing with the reality of MUD
In three decades China has radically reconfigured itself spatially, economically and socially. The scale and speed of construction has supported double-digit economic development while facilitating the emergence of a vast domestic consumer market. But such speed comes at a price. With no time to consider the future, China’s aggressive real estate market has reduced urban planning to a single formula of sealed-off megablock neighborhoods loosely connected by highways - a fail-safe method to privatize China’s once communal land plot by plot.

In a massive wave of modernization dozens of megacities have been reconstructed from center to suburb, while entirely new cities mushroom around them, contributing to a sense of infinite control over the urban landscape. However, exactly thirty years after the economic reforms the limits of top-down planning are starkly revealing themselves. In contemporary China all common problems of modernity, from congestion to alienation, can be found simultaneously on an enlarged scale. Seemingly in control, the mega-compounds are micro-planned, while accumulated countless real estate projects grow together into vast organic urban patterns. The DCF has mapped and analyzed this process of increasing Market-driven Unintentional Development, or M.U.D., as the starting point to regain control of the sprawling city.

BIGGER CITY, BETTER LIFE

dynamic densityAfter thirty years of high-speed growth China is now halfway done. This simple fact renders China’s top-down planning approach ineffective. Instead China is increasingly at the mercy of its urban context. However new, the existing built environment is shaping the direction and quality of planned development. To curb the impact of MUD formation the DCF has developed a flexible planning model called Dynamic Density (DD). The model is based on the premise that a city has an inherent optimum proportion between footprint and population. DD helps planners to streamline growth by anticipating the market-driven trends of the metropolis. That means China’s cities can grow (much) bigger without losing their efficiency or living comfort.
The ultimate conclusion of DD is that any new city, from the standpoint of sustainability, is undesirable. Every new satellite is a likely starting point for sprawl, and requires excessive infrastructure to connect to the the urban network. Steadily agricultural land is converted and the distinction between urban and rural areas in China is all but lost. The result is a typically Chinese production city with logistic and economic lines that run from the CBD to the factories deep in the countryside. Spatially and economically the rural periphery is becoming an integral part of the Chinese city. This peripheral zone, socially still diverse and growing aggressively, will define China’s chances for compactness and sustainability.

~ BARC will investigate how an approach can be formulated within the zone of urban expansion rather then for new cities.

更大的城市让生活更美好

经过三十年的高速增长，中国已经建成过半。这让中国自上而下的规划不再有效。然而中国却日益受其城市环境之摆布。建成的环境尽管墨迹未干，却在塑造发展规划的方向和质量。为了遏制市场化无序开发的形成，动态城市基金会设计了灵活的规划模式，被称作动态密度（ DD ）。该模式的依据是，城市在人口规模和发展轨迹之间有着固有的最佳比例。动态密度能帮助规划者预见大都市以市场为导向的增长趋势，从而让发展更顺畅。这意味着
中国的城市在不降低效率或者舒适度的情况下能够变得更大。动态密度的终极结论是任何新城，从可持续发展的角度来讲，都是多余的。每个新的卫星城都可能是蔓生的开始，且需要大量的基础设施来连接到城市的网络。农业用地的用途被改变，城市和农村的区别日益被抹杀。其结果是一个典型的中国制造的城市，物流和经济线路从中央商务区延伸到工厂。周边的农村从空间上和经济上都正在成为城市的一部分。这些周边地区，社会性仍然多样且发展迅猛，将决定中国的紧凑度和可持续性的程度。动态城市基金会将探讨如何在城市扩张的范畴内发展，而不是建新城。

WORKSHOP: SUSTAINABILITY No Exact Science

DECEMBER 4-5, Shenzhen

Sustainability can only thrive in collaboration. Although the language of sustainability incorporates everything from the laws of thermodynamics to deep ecology, it is not an exact science. Hard to quantify and shrouded by the veil of ‘goodness’, inherent contradictions are not addressed. DCF is producing a taxonomy of sustainability as a form of design-research which, by being broad, leapfrogs over conventional approaches in the field of urban planning, and allows the architect teams to work on a conceived ideal end goal from which a path can be retro-engineered.

Taxonomies are unsustainable
The broadness of urban ecology and environmental sustainability make traditional taxonomies ineffective. More important than classification is the connection between efforts on different scales - from national policies, to urban typologies, to individual incentives. The two-day workshop breaks down in 6 sessions or themes, each introduced by an invited specialist in a 10 minute esoteric summary.

没有精确的科学

可持续发展只能通过合作而发达。虽然可持续发展的语言横扫一切领域，从热力学定律到深层生态学，但它仍不是一门精确的科学。除了难以被量化而且被“好”的面纱所遮蔽，内在的矛盾却无法触及。 动态城市基金会以设计-研究的方式试图梳理可持续发展的分类，覆盖领域广泛，且颠覆城市规划的传统，允许设计师团队从理想的终极目标倒推的方法

Sessions:
动态城市基金会关于可持续发展的分类：

  • sustainability theories
  • energy production
  • urban software (models and policies)
  • urban hardware
  • social sustainability
  • architectural systems

Products Phase 2

MODEL: a 3m x 3m model that will depict a detailed section of the proposed green city in 2050.
INSTALLATION: an installation of ten video rooms in the form of connecting boxes that showcase each design team’s scenario. The final room will present a virtual fly-through of the city’s evolution towards 2050.

Dutch Pavilion of the Shanghai World Expo as part of the UN / TNT Urban Challenges conference.

BARC FORUM: The exhibition opens with a panel discussion with planners and policy-makers in which the proposed city will be analyzed with the objective to discuss more effective green guidelines.

BOOK: In addition the project is set to be published in a book (010 Publishers).
WEB: the project can be followed on www.BARC.TV


TIMETABLE

Phase One: Caofeidian / Shenzhen 2009

Mon 30 November: Departure Dutch Teams
Tue 1 December: Black-tie Cocktail-Diner Green Living
Wed 2 December: Departure to Caofeijian

Office introductions in Caofeidian.

Thu 3 December: Site visit in Caofeijian. Evening flight to Shenzhen
Fri 4 December: WORKSHOP in Shenzhen
Sat 5 December: WORKSHOP / Opening Shenzhen Biennale
Sun 6 December: DEADLINE Green Living Mission Statement
Mon 7 December: Final Presentation Shenzhen Biennale
Tue 8 December: [Rem Koolhaas Marathon Forum] - return home

Phase Two: Shanghai Expo Dutch Culture Center / Dutch Pavilion

18 January: Relay design process starts
5 April: deadline proposals
15 April: Model building / video editing Starts
1 Augustus: Transportation to Shanghai Expo
3 Augustus: Start construction exhibition installation
15 Augustus: Opening Exhibition
16 Augustus: BARC Forum day one
17 Augusts: Forum day two part of Urban Challenges Conference
TNT / UN Expert Forum Dutch Pavilion.
20 Augusts: Presentation to Mayor in Caofeidian

TEAMS

The project is developed and led by the Dynamic City Foundation; a Beijing-based research institute focused on dynamic urbanization in China. DCF has invited six diverse design firms, each with specific future orientated planning experience, to produce one five-year cycle of the development strategy. In addition, each team will be given a specific research focus that aligns with the field of their expertise.

Each team consists of two designers. Teams will be offered the necessary materials to prepare their proposal and upload it to the DCF platform. Later on, the teams will work, one after the other, at Studio DCF in Beijing and finalize their design right on top of the proposal by the previous team.

A dedicated group of consultants in the field of urban ecology, environmental policy and sustainable engineering will be available for feedback and critique during the course of the project, following progress on the DCF platform. Consultants will be invited at the launch, midway and at the final presentation of the projects.

团队

该项目由动态城市基金会所提出并主持；一个位于北京并专注于中国动态城市化进程的研究机构。动态城市基金会邀请了6个来自不同专业领域并都着眼于未来的规划设计公司，制定为期五年的发展战略。每个小组将运用他们的专业知识专注于某一研究重点。每个团队由两名设计师组成。团队将准备必要的材料和提案，并上传到动态城市基金会的平台。之后, 工作团队会陆续在动态城市基金会的北京工作室，在前一团队的基础上，完成更优秀的设计。与此同时，一个专业的城市生态领域、环境政策和可持续工程的顾问团队会在此过程中及时提供反馈意见和批评。顾问团队也会被邀请进行前期、中期及最终的演示。

Detailed TEAM BIOGRAPHIES available here

CONSULTANTS

Dr. Zhiyun Ouyang - Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
Prof. Terrence Curry - Tsinghua University, Beijing
Marc. Haiyin Kong - Researcher Sustainable Human Environment
Prof. Jianfei Zhu - University of Melbourne
Dr. Erich Schienke - Pennsylvania State University
Dr. Ned Rossiter - University of Western Sydney

Forum

Iman Stratenus - TNT China International Express, Shanghai

3D visualization consultant
Yuanhua Zhu - Crystal CG, Beijing

Caofeidian project management

Falk Kagelmacher - China Academy of urban planning and design

Additional advisers:

Giel Groothuis - Coordinator, Dutch Cultural Center, Shanghai
Stephen Smith - Architect, GHD Engineering, Beijing
Ming Guo - MIT, China Planning Network, Beijing
Dr. Rusong Wang - CAS, Beijing

Initial Plans (Chinese/ low res)

summary

Natural conditions and assessment for harbor development
自然条件及港口发展规模
Report on existing natural conditions and assessment for harbor development (climate, terrain, economics, existing problems, ground transportation, planning guidelines)

A geological and topographical analysis of CFD
地址勘查报告
A geological and topographical analysis of CFD (terrain, soil types,underground water,what it entails for building foundations, seismic standards, etc)

Caofeidian new city master planning text 98 pages (includes larger context in relationship to tangshan city)

Caofeidiean new city master planning report 228 pages (includes larger context in relationship to tangshan city)

Caofeidian new district master planning text 18 pages

Caofeidiean new district master planning report 66 pages

MAPS TRANSLATED

39563957

395939583961
396039623963

39643965

Green Concept Diagrams CFD

4001400240034004400540064007400840094010401140124013

CONTACT

TEAM B.A.R.C.

Neville Mars +86 15601200050 neville at dynamiccity dot org
Kafung Lau +86 13466633230 kafunglau006 at gmail dot com
Katie Li 中文 +86 13521699954 info at dynamiccity dot org


Previous DCF collective projects on green planning: http://supersatellites.burb.tv/view/Project_outline and http://supersatellites.burb.tv

Owned by neville mars / Added by neville mars / 1.9 years ago / 5788 hits / 235 minutes view time

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